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STUDENTS SHOULD
KNOW
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EXAMPLES OF WHAT
STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO
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Properties
Of Matter (return
to top)
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1. There are differences and
similarities among pure substances, solutions, and
heterogeneous mixtures. (AKSci - A.1)
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• Separate a mixture of sand,
salt, iron filings, and sulfur.
• Determine how many colored
candies contain yellow dye #5.
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2. Changes in substances can be
classified as chemical and/or physical. (AKSci -
A.2)
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• Observe reactions to
conclude whether a reaction is chemical or physical on the
basis of evidence such as formation of a precipitate,
production of gas, change of color, and/or change in energy
using simple kitchen materials and substances.
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3. The concentrations of solutions
can be expressed in a variety of units. Concentration
affects physical properties of the solution. (AKSci -
A.1)
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• Determine how dissolved
impurities affect boiling and freezing points (as in making
ice cream, ice melt, etc.).
• Relate dissolved gases and
temperature to carbonated sodas and aquariums.
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4. There are standard methods of
naming and formula writing for elements and compounds
(emphasize IUPAC system). (AKSci - A.1)
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• Determine the chemical names
of standard household substances.
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5. Elements can be classified as
metals, metalloids or nonmetals. (AKSci - A.1)
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• Given samples of C, Si, Pb,
Zn, Mg, Al, S, test physical and chemical properties
(conductivity, malleability, reactions with hydrochloric
acid and cupric chloride).
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6. Bonds can be classified as
ionic, nonpolar covalent or polar covalent. (AKSci -
A.1)
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• Build models of molecules
and ionic compounds.
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7. Bonds hold molecules together;
intermolecular forces hold substances together. (AKSci -
A.1)
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• Graph boiling point and 1st
10 alkanes to show effect of more C bonds and use
extrapolation to predict boiling point of C11 and C12
alkanes.
• Compare surface tensions of
common liquids.
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8. Substances can be classified as
acids, bases, or neutral. (AKSci - A.2)
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• Experimentally determine pH
using indicators (such as purple cabbage), pH meters, and/or
test papers.
• Evaluate the effects of
antacids that are commonly used to treat
heartburn.
• Perform a drop titration or
neutralization on Vitamin C or other common acid.
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9. The strength of an acid and/or
base is related to its composition and degree to which it
breaks down. (AKSci - A.2)
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• Perform an acid/base
titration to determine the concentration of an acid in
vitamin C or a base in a Tums.
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Chemical
Change (return
to top)
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1. Chemical changes are described
with balanced chemical equations. (AKSci - A.2,
A.8a)
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• Balance chemical equations
given the reactants and products. Recognize reaction types
and predict products for simple reactions.
• Determine the amounts of
reactants needed in a cookie recipe.
• Experimentally determine the
best ratio of oxygen to hydrogen gas to launch a film
canister rocket (or use vinegar and baking soda).
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2. The number of particles is
measured in a unit called a mole. (AKSci - A.1,
A.8a)
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• Convert between units of
moles, mass, and number of particles.
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3. Balanced chemical equations are
used to predict the amount of products formed. (AKSci - A.2,
A.8a)
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• Determine the amount of
product formed or reactant used knowing an initial amount of
one other chemical present.
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4. Reaction rate will be affected
by changes of temperature, concentration, surface area, and
use of catalysts. (AKSci - A.2, A.8a)
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• Describe effects of chemical
degradation and effect of temperature over time on
aspirin.
• Determine the factors that
affect reaction rate in a clock reaction.
• Predict and explain the
effect on reaction rate and time caused by concentration
changes or for solids changes in surface area.
• Explain the effect of adding
a catalyst to a given reaction. The explanation should
include both a potential energy graph and activation energy.
• Explain the working of a
match in terms of rate factors.
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5. Many reactions do not go to
completion, but consist of forward and reverse reactions
occurring simultaneously. This can happen in both physical
and chemical changes. (AKSci - A.2, A.8a)
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Structure
Of Matter (return
to top)
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1. Physical changes/chemical
changes and properties of matter can be explained through
sketches, models, graphs, and descriptions of the particles.
(AKSci - A.2)
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• Construct sketches or
physical models of solids, liquids, and gases. Use these to
determine how phase changes proceed.
• Construct molecular models
to determine shape and molecular polarity in simple
compounds.
• Use manipulatives like
elastics to predict molecular shape.
• Use sketches and models to
describe chemical reactions.
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2. Kinetic molecular theory
explains changes in gas volumes, pressure, and temperature.
This allows for calculations to be performed relating these
quantities. (AKSci - A.1)
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• Use the particle model of
gases to explain the relationship of pressure, volume,
moles, and temperature in gases.
• Determine experimentally the
relationships of pressure versus volume, pressure versus
temperature, and volume versus temperature. Express these
relationships in graphs and interpret these
graphs.
• Suggest and recognize
practical applications using these relationships, i.e. tire
pressure.
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3. Atoms are made of a positive
nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. (AKSci -
A.1)
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• Determine the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the electrons
surrounding it for a particular isotope.
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4. The outermost electrons
determine how the atom can interact with other atoms. Atoms
form bonds to other atoms by transferring or sharing
electrons. (AKSci - A.1, A8a)
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• Determine if a bond between
atoms is ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent on the
position on the periodic table.
• Relate conductivity to the
type of bonds in a substance.
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5. The nucleus, a tiny fraction of
the volume of an atom, is composed of protons and neutrons,
each almost two thousand times heavier than an electron. The
number of positive protons in the nucleus identifies the
element. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals
the number of protons. An atom may acquire a charge by
gaining or losing electrons. (AKSci - A.1)
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• Construct a model showing
the positions and sizes of the subatomic particles.
• Discuss the formation of
ions by gaining or losing electrons only.
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6. Neutrons have a mass that is
nearly identical to that of protons and have no electrical
charge. Neutrons affect the mass and stability of the
nucleus. Isotopes of an element have the same number of
protons but differ in the number of neutrons. (AKSci -
A.1)
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• Determine the identity,
mass, and reactivity of an element from the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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7. An element's location on the
periodic table can be used to determine similarities and
trends among the elements. (AKSci - A.1)
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• Identify heavy metals and
describe effects of exposure to
contaminants/pollution.
• Predict the properties of an
element on the basis of the position on the periodic
chart.
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8. The arrangement of atoms in a
molecule determines the molecule's properties. Shapes are
particularly important in how molecules interact with
others. (AKSci - A.1)
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• Determine a simple
molecule's shape
• Determine molecular polarity
experimentally and relate to shape.
• Relate the strength of
intermolecular forces to physical properties such as boiling
point, melting point, surface tension, solubility, vapor
pressure, adhesion, cohesion, and viscosity.
• Mix polar and non-polar
substances to develop a rule for predicting solubility and
relate this to dry-cleaning and cleaning in
general.
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9. Nuclear changes are different
than chemical changes. The nucleus can change, resulting in
a different element and/or radioactivity. (AKSci - A.2)
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• Distinguish between nuclear
and chemical reactions.
• Write balanced reactions
involving alpha, beta, and gamma emission.
• List general applications of
nuclear reactions discussing their advantages and
disadvantages (such as the medical uses of radioactive
isotopes such as technetium-99m).
• Use manipulatives (M &
M's, pennies) to develop the concept of
half-life.
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Energy
Change (return
to top)
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1. Temperature is a measurement of
average kinetic energy. Heat is a measurement of
transferable energy. (AKSci - A.2, A,9)
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• Measure temperature in
appropriate units.
• Perform an experiment to
measure heat flow.
• Measure the amount of
calories released from burning a peanut.
• Use dye in different
temperature water to relate temperature and speed of
particles.
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2. Chemical and physical changes
can be classified as exothermic or endothermic. (AKSci -
A.2)
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• Identify reactions as either
exothermic or endothermic from experimental data or an
equation including an energy term.
• Explain the difference
between temperature and heat.
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