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Direct, explicit comprehension instruction, which is instruction in the strategies and processes that proficient readers use to understand what they read, including summarizing, keeping track of one's own understanding, and a host of other practices
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Effective instructional principles embedded in content, including language arts teachers using content-area texts and content-area teachers providing instruction and practice in reading and writing skills specific to their subject area
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Motivation and self-directed learning, which includes building motivation to read and learn and providing students with the instruction and supports needed for independent learning tasks they will face after graduation
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Text-based collaborative learning, which involves students interacting with one another around a variety of texts
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Strategic tutoring, which provides students with intense individualized reading, writing, and content instruction as needed
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Diverse texts, which are texts at a variety of difficulty levels and on a variety of topics
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Intensive writing, including instruction connected to the kinds of writing tasks students will have to perform well in high school and beyond
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A technology component, which includes technology as a tool for and a topic of literacy instruction
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Ongoing formative assessment of students, which is informal, often daily assessment of how students are progressing under current instructional practices
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Extended time for literacy, which includes approximately two to four hours of literacy instruction and practice that takes place in language arts and content-area classes
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Professional development that is both long term and ongoing
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Ongoing summative assessment of students and programs, which is more formal and provides data that are reported for accountability and research purposes
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Teacher teams, which are interdisciplinary teams that meet regularly to discuss students and align instruction
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Leadership, which can come from principals and teachers who have a solid understanding of how to teach reading and writing to the full array of students present in schools
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A comprehensive and coordinated literacy program, which is interdisciplinary and interdepartmental and may even coordinate with out-of-school organizations and the local community